And You Know That if I Had One Wish. Itd Be That You Didnt Have to Miss This...you Should Be Here

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environs. Issues of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (loftier) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if but.
7. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if merely'.
8. 'It's (high) time' and 'It's (virtually) fourth dimension'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people's actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If yous finish work early, nosotros'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is dainty, nosotros'll get swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you have finished your java, we tin pay the pecker.
	If yous're ill, see a physician! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type Ii Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Elementary or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel circular the earth. (just I don't have coin - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you lot, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + By Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
	If nosotros hadn't left so early, we would have missed the aeroplane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If yous had told me before nearly your problems, I would accept helped you lot , merely now information technology's too belatedly.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been and then nasty yesterday, nosotros would non accept stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are commonly introduced by IF; the post-obit expressions tin be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), equally long equally, in case, on status (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.

2.i If merely : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events information technology adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If simply  I had plenty time!

If only  I hadn 't drunkard too much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known .

Unless he was told  past Jane, he couldn 't have known , (can exist changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come dorsum , he 'II telephone  you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, information technology can be replaced past as/so long every bit, provided  or merely if .

two.3 Only if combines with other fourth dimension expressions and is used with past simple

Only later posting the alphabetic character did  I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll practise  what yous say provided the police are not  informed.

ii.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatsoever the status.

Even if it rains , we'll nonetheless go  for a picnic.

2.5 Just for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, will y'all still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if  it rains,  will y'all go for a walk?

two.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come earlier the field of study.

Should, come up , tell him to wait for me.

Were yous, I would speak to her. known , he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in provisional sentences

4.one Going to Going to  tin replace will.

If you fall, you lot  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  brand trouble, we 'Ii call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to accent completion later if.

If you' ve finished , then we'll go. It is too possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you lot  once, I've told  you a hundred times!

four.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional non  can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the incertitude and does not add together a negative meaning.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I think information technology will rain.)

four.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should  run across Ann, could  you inquire her to call me?

This implies that I exercise not look you lot to see Ann.

four.5 Were to This too makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you lot to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is oftentimes used with should.

If you  happen to  see Helen, could you ask her to telephone call me?

If y'all  should happen to exist passing,  drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how one event depends on another.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this company would exist in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would take lost.

4.eight Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These tin can be used every bit polite forms.

If you lot  will/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Green is free.

Will  can also be used for emphasis, pregnant 'insist on doing'.

If you lot will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

iv.nine If and adjectives

In expressions such every bit if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  apply within.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.10  Formally if can mean although ,  usually every bit if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little  badly decorated.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + Discipline +  INF. without to

  John'due south mother insisted that he  render  habitation early.

5.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

v.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Nowadays Subjunctive is used afterwards
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to practise something
Advise, order, demand, enquire, require, recommend, control, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she get  in that location. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go  there

5.4 Annotation the deviation:

British variant:  I insist that you should exit  without her.

   Information technology is recommended that yous should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you publish  your book

5.5 The By Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish information technology were truthful

6. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'information technology's (high) time'

(I) wish, if only. it'south (loftier) time and it'south (about) fourth dimension,  we 'go one tense back':

1 The by tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had  a better scout!  (At present)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If merely you had asked  me get-go!  (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

vii.1 We often use I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the reply!  (= it's possible I might find out the answer)

If but  is stronger. We employ information technology to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If simply your female parent were  live now!  (Of course, / wish  is as well possible.)

7.ii We may apply the uncomplicated past of be  after wish  and if only

I wish I was  on vacation at present.  If but Tessa was  here now!

If we want to be more formal, we apply were  in all persons

I wish I were  on vacation now.  If only Tessa were  here!

7.3 We may utilize the past perfect of exist  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on holiday last calendar week.  If only Tessa had been  here yesterday!

seven.4 We utilise the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the reply to your question.

I wish I had known  then what I know now!

viii. 'Would' and 'could' afterwards 'I wish' and 'if only'

We must use could,  non would,  subsequently /and nosotros.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

We weren't together!              → I wish we could have been together

Nosotros sometimes use / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  similar an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish you lot wouldn't make then much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  → I wish he would exist  quiet!

9. 'It's (high) time' and 'It'due south (about) time'

Nosotros utilize It's fourth dimension, It's high time  and it's about fourth dimension  to express present or time to come wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven't happened however:

Kim can't even boil an egg. - I know.

It's time/high time/almost time she learnt to cook!

x. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

We use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We tin can refer to the present or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I'd rather/sooner accept been  a architect than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences nearly other people's actions

11.1 Nosotros tin can refer to other people later I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather leave  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an earlier train. ( I desire him to exit)

11.2 We use the past tense class after I'd rather to  refer to the present or futurity.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit down side by side to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= at present)

I'd rather she didn't sit  next to me. (= at present)

11.3 We use the past perfect class after I'd rather to  refer to past fourth dimension.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  and then - I'thou referring to myself)

I'd rather you lot had been  nowadays,  (then)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  most information technology.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We generally omit the principal part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorcycle. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't give up  his present chore. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone about it. - I'd rather  y'all had.

12.3 We do non have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:

You always become  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Report the important vocabulary:

one. The weather:

Cold weather: the dank days of autumn, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snowfall, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather condition, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, humid, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: clammy, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, tempest, thunderstorm, torrential pelting, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/bloom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, choice flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

iii. The environment:

Beck, stream, river; hillock, loma, mount; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, wood;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: declension, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, oral cavity, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

four. Ecology bug:

air, river and ocean pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, bombardment farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should:  avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, utilize unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hr merely I felt every bit if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. take worked

ii. It's  time nosotros ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. have visited, didn't see, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would take borrowed, some
2. might requite, few
3. would requite, a little
4. would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

v. He had written his accost down the last morn, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to encounter her again.

1. had always come, will feel
2. comes, will be
3. would come, may be
4. e'er came, would exist

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the section if she ____ it upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. work, will have wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

seven. He stood stiff and impotent with acrimony. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1. doesn't be
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

eight. If only nosotros ____ a phone! I'thou tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. have had
4. can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1. breaks out
2. cleaved out
3. broke out
4. will break out

10. Then he said: "If this man ____, the whole dingy story will come out, and I don't desire it ____ ."

1. will be arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come up out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is beingness arrested, to come out

11. "There are ____ institutions, of course, merely information technology'southward not very piece of cake to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity'due south, have got
3. charity, don't have
4. clemency, accept

12. "If cypher ____ , said she, effulgent at them, we shall exist dorsum in England for ____ Christmas."

1. volition happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all dark.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted equally if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't see
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, oasis't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

fifteen. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake confront looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can run across
2. turned, would be able to encounter
3. volition turn, will see
4. have turned, would meet

sixteen. "I have some work that ____ be finished earlier I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will become away
4. must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that style he ____ have taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her equally though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. accept been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.

1. would suggest, thought
2. will propose, could have idea
3. might advise, could remember
4. would offer, thought

20. Information technology was long ____ I had final seen her and if someone had non mentioned her proper name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't accept recognized
4. while, couldn't have recognized

21. It's high time you ____ in ____ bed as well, my kid.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been at that place something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might take happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved the states a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was non
3. people, were not
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me equally if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has not brought
2. had not brought
3. does not bring
4. was non brought

27. "But we ____ in conference for 2 hours," he said. "Information technology's high fourth dimension ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we have
3. have been being, to have
4. have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, permit him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to suffer
2. refuses, endure
3. refused, suffering
4. volition refuse, suffering

29. "You had amend ____ domicile. You're likely to become into trouble if you ____ here."

1. go, stay
2. to get, take stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to bustle, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to bulldoze in that spring rain.

1. had had, would have been
2. have had, would exist
3. shall take, is
4. are having, will exist

31. He wondered a little ruefully merely what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would accept said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. Then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt every bit though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were maxim. It was as though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did non concern
2. to hear, did not business concern
3. listening, was non apropos
4. to empathize, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the starting time fourth dimension she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

ane) will be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

three) has been, would ... discuss

4) was, will... discuss

36. If y'all    abroad with him, go at once, but don't ask me   him.

1) will get, to see

2) will exist going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) accept gone, to be meeting

37. I'g not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

ane) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

iv) tin can, would

38. If I   you so, what   you have done?

i) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

3) didn't, will

4) oasis't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to y'all.

ane) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I'grand tired. It's loftier time you   and me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, accept left

three) would have gone, go out

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie final night.

1) did I consume, had eaten

2) did I swallow, hadn't eaten

3) take I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry about information technology, she   that.

1) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't do

3) had known, wouldn't have done

4) would know, accept done

43. You wouldn't be and then tired today if yous   to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, yous   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be amend

3) have, will be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

ane) didn't have, can have read

2) didn't have, could read

3) hadn't had, can read

four) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, will modify

ii) asked, would alter

three) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

ii) would have gone, have learnt, been

three) had gone, might take learnt, been

4) went, may learn, exist

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was solitary.

1) was, will

two) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall get there provided you lot   to back-trail me. It'due south high time yous ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would accept consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more, I've just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

three) have heard, would take taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

ane) were, would have checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will cheque

four) had been, would cheque

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  y'all to the concert.

1) will have, volition take

ii) had, would have

three) volition have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the serpent bite   poisonous, yous   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

four) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

i) can have, might meliorate

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to ameliorate

1) volition turn away, beingness

2) will be turning from, have been

3) plow down, be

4) have turned against, to be

i) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not have place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might non accept taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might non have taken place

4) If he had been, would back-trail, might non take place

61. If they   here, I   and so glad, as they  everything to me.

i) would exist, were, would explicate

two) were, should be, explained

iii) would exist, were, explained

iv) were, should be, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would accept been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would take come, would take been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you usa then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill now.

ane) consult, volition be

ii) didn't consult, can exist

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

iv) take consulted, won't exist

65. If nosotros the question at that meeting, our demands .

ane) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

iii) rise, would be met

4) take raised, won't exist met

66. If information technology nighttime, we our style.

i) is, would have lost

ii) hadn' t been, might not accept lost

three) wasn't, tin can have lost

4) were, volition lose

67. I wish you rude remarks most me.

2) are not making

three) wouldn't make

iv) hadn't fabricated

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.

1) didn't ever seen

2) has never seen

3) can't see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It's fourth dimension nosotros down to work.

one) are coming, got

2) come, become

iii) will come, are getting

four) accept come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.

1) take

two) can have

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1. During the tempest, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4. Later on the pelting the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A small river/stream/torrent  runs across the bottom of our garden.
6. You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/apparently/sand.
7. From the pinnacle/summit/acme  of the colina you tin can see the ocean.
8. It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were so loftier.
9. I recollect it's going to pelting. It'southward very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

two. Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness

2.The canis familiaris.........its tail furiously when information technology saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

ane) trunk    two) bark    3) branch

iv. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. In that location was field afterwards field of golden..........waving in the current of air.

ane) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

six. Y'all accept to sleep under a cyberspace to avoid being bitten by...........

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    three) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

i) channels    two) canals    3) river.

viii. Some wild animals will become.........if they go used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    3) niggling

iii. Put the right give-and-take in each space:

1. We collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. At that place's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What'south the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You tin see the mountain....................among the clouds in the distance.

four. Choose the right respond:

1. There has been another increase/ascent  in the corporeality of offense.
2. The train was in accident/standoff  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today considering of the high/tempest  winds.
5. The regime has announced plans to aid the poor/poverty.
6. Everyone agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. At that place are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The driver of the charabanc admitted that he had washed/made  an error.
9. There was a large demonstration/manifestation  against nuclear ability.

5. Put the right discussion in each infinite:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the border of the city.
3. The price of.......................has risen steadily this twelvemonth.
4. Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Large cities face the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors appear that in that location was now a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on lath. Suddenly, at near half past 2 in the afternoon, in that location were 2 fearful explosions. The ship shook from finish to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her lesser. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only 20 minutes; and about one 1000 people lost their lives.

The helm could not meet the submarine that attacked his transport, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks confronting ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the man eye may not be able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can choice out objects more than a hundred miles abroad in the worst weather atmospheric condition, when we tin can see perchance no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this mode. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the charge per unit of possibly i k every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-6 yard miles a 2d till they hit an object, perhaps a transport, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a colina. These pulses cannot go through the object; and and so they immediately shoot dorsum at the same speed, in the opposite management, and hit the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and altitude of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the earth. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to aid them sail in bad weather, when information technology is possible to come across for a altitude of perhaps simply a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain unremarkably had to anchor his send at such times and wait for weather to meliorate. Simply today a send with radar can sail in near any conditions conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the heaven from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg similar sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his airplane towards ane beam, and then flies on to the side by side beam. At the finish of his journey, he will land his airplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport watch the plane on their radar screen and tell the airplane pilot past radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce tiptop, and give any other orders that may exist necessary.

(Word count 539)

Reply the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on lath

three) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out war machine operations during the First World War

ii. Which of the following observations reflects the main thought of the text best of all?

ane) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

ii) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To exist able to apply radar one should know in detail how information technology works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

three. Radar is very helpful in

i) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hit various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the management and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

iv. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer fourth dimension than now.

iii) Ships all over the world began to bear radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

ii) radar is used only in bad atmospheric condition atmospheric condition, when we tin see perchance no

farther than a hundred yards.

three) the radar upshot would be impossible if the pulses were non reflected past the

target objects.

4) anyone tin can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

one. The chairman proposed that the affair  _____  at the adjacent meeting.

1) exist decided

2) should decide

three) to be decided

four) will exist decided

2. If yous  _____  this book you  _____  to supervene upon it.

1) will lose, will have

2) lose, will take

3) had lost, must

four) will lose, will demand

3. We insist that a coming together _____ as soon as possible.

1) to be held

2) should be held

3) volition be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour's piece of work, she ____ information technology past the time the children get home.

i) has done; finished

2) would do; would have finished

3) does; will accept finished

4) did; finishes

v. If you  _____  more than 10 books nosotros  _____  the cost of each book past 10%.

i) buy, volition reduce

two) will buy, reduce

three) will buy, will reduce

iv) have bought, reduced

vi. Alison was very surprised and recommended that nosotros ____ all the papers carefully.

i) volition check

two) are checking

three) might cheque

4) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rising, I'm going to buy a new car.

1) will get

2) got

iii) become

4) would become

viii. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

1) demand to be

2) was to be

3) will be

iv) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would remember and so.

1) never saw

two) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

ten. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone well-nigh  our conversation."

1) tell

2) won't tell

three) didn't tell

iv) don't tell

11. I wish you ____ me before that yous tin can't come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not consume

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. "It'southward high time y'all ____ to look after yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

ii) learn

3) had learned

four) accept learned

14. It'south time that team ____ a lucifer. They oasis't won a match for ages.

one) has won

ii) wins

iii) won

4) volition win

xv. I was as awkward and shy with her equally if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

iii) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English language Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammer, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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